Breimann&Cie
We are in sunny Apulia, in the far south of Italy, right on the Adriatic coast. The gentle sound of the sea hums in the background, the salty breeze brushes against the skin – and all around us: plants that not only survive in this harsh but breathtakingly beautiful environment but truly thrive. In this typical coastal region, plants grow that are perfectly adapted to the extreme conditions of the Mediterranean. Here, just 20 to 30 meters from the water, they defy the salty winds and the low rainfall. Nature has shaped them in such a way that they appear as if an invisible gardener has pruned them – the perfect interplay of the elements.
Before we get to know the individual plants, it is important to understand what makes these locations so special. The soil here is usually alkaline, with pH values between 7.5 and 8.5, highly permeable, and often rocky-sandy. The salt concentration in the air can be up to 20 times higher near the coast than inland. The annual precipitation is only 400–600 mm, with most of it falling in winter. In summer, temperatures can rise above 35°C, while in winter, they rarely drop below 5°C. Over the course of evolution, these conditions have produced true survival artists.
As landscape architects, we are always looking for plants that are future-proof: robust, drought-tolerant, and yet adaptable to the sometimes extreme weather conditions of the Mediterranean. Here, where summer months are often hot and dry, followed by sudden and intense downpours, real survival artists are needed. We have found exactly such plants here – species that have thrived in this region for centuries and fascinate with their adaptability.
The true myrtle (Myrtus communis), also known as bridal myrtle, is a classic in Mediterranean gardens. This evergreen shrub represents purity and beauty and adapts perfectly to the harsh coastal conditions. Its dense, glossy leaves remain a rich green even after months without rain. No wonder it has been valued in gardens and parks since ancient times.
A true wonder of Mediterranean flora is Pistacia lentiscus, also known as the mastic shrub. This plant can survive up to seven years without water and still grow healthy and strong. As soon as it finally rains, it literally absorbs the water, grows rapidly, and then retreats again until the next rain comes. This incredible adaptability makes it the perfect choice for sustainable gardens and projects with minimal irrigation.
Right next to the myrtle, you can find Phillyrea spp., another robust shrub from the olive family. Its dense, leathery leaves withstand even the strongest winds and give this plant an almost indestructible resilience. Typical of Mediterranean coastal landscapes, it remains fresh and vital even in dry summers. The mock privet is excellent for hedges or topiary. For dense branching, a light pruning in spring is recommended. Waterlogging should be avoided at all costs – better too dry than too wet. In extreme summer heat, an occasional watering in the early morning will reward you with particularly glossy foliage.
The juniper (Juniperus spp.) also thrives in this region. Whether as a small shrub or a majestic tree – it is not only beautiful to look at but also useful. Its aromatic berry cones are often used in the production of gin, and its adaptability to salty air and poor soils makes it another highlight of Mediterranean flora. To optimize its growth, the location should be fully sunny, and the soil should be well-drained. Pruning is only necessary in case of excessive growth, preferably in late winter. Most importantly: In the first two years after planting, water regularly; after that, the juniper is practically maintenance-free.
Among the dense shrubs and robust trees, you can find the delicate Stipa tenuissima, a fine ornamental grass that is often used in landscape design. With its feathery stalks that sway gently in the wind, it adds a certain lightness and movement to any landscape. Especially in dry areas, this grass is a true asset.
Another jewel of Mediterranean flora is the wild olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris). As the ancestor of the cultivated olive, it has adapted to extreme conditions for thousands of years and defies wind, sun, and drought. The small fruits of this plant are not as large as those of its cultivated relatives, but it is excellent as a decorative element in gardens and landscapes. It is a symbol of resilience and longevity – and a piece of living Mediterranean history.
The plants presented can be wonderfully combined with each other. As a basic structure, the larger trees such as wild olive and juniper provide wind protection and structure. In front of them, medium-sized shrubs like myrtle and mock privet can be arranged in small groups. The spaces in between are filled with the mastic shrub, while the Stipa grass serves as a connecting element, softening the transitions. It is important to give the plants enough space – they will spread over the years. As a rule of thumb: the planting distances should be about two-thirds of the expected final width.
All these plants are fascinating not only because of their beauty and adaptability but also because of how they are shaped by nature itself. The wind plays the role of the gardener here, forming the plants into natural “bubbles” that look as if they were hand-pruned. What you see here is a landscape that appears both wild and orderly – a perfect interplay of the elements.
This diversity of coastal plants impressively shows how nature can adapt to extreme conditions. They are the perfect choice for natural, sustainable projects and a true gift for any landscape architect who wants to combine the beauty and resilience of nature in their designs.
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